Which placental variation is associated with an increased risk of late abortion, intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), prematurity, and fetal death?

The circumvallate placenta is characterized by a thickened, raised edge of the placenta due to a double fold of the fetal membranes. This condition can lead to several complications during pregnancy, making it relevant to the question regarding its association with increased risks. The presence of this variation may compromise placental function by reducing the placental surface area available for nutrient and gas exchange, which can lead to intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR). Additionally, the associated structural abnormalities can heighten the risk of preterm delivery and can also be linked to fetal demise in certain cases due to inadequate blood flow and nutrient delivery to the fetus.

While other placental variations exist, the circumvallate placenta's specific structural changes are significantly tied to these adverse pregnancy outcomes, thus making it a critical consideration for healthcare providers monitoring expectant mothers.