What condition is indicated by a newborn having a portion of the spinal cord protruding from the lower back?

A newborn having a portion of the spinal cord protruding from the lower back is indicative of spina bifida. This congenital defect occurs when the spinal column does not close completely, allowing the spinal cord and nerves to protrude through the opening in the vertebrae. Depending on the severity, this can lead to various neurological deficits, including issues with mobility and bowel or bladder control.

Spina bifida is often detected during prenatal screenings, such as ultrasound or maternal blood tests that identify elevated levels of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP). The characteristics associated with spina bifida include not just the physical protrusion, but also potential complications like hydrocephalus, which can sometimes coexist with this condition.

Hypospadias is a condition involving an abnormal position of the urethral opening in males, and would not present with spinal cord issues. Tetralogy of Fallot is a congenital heart defect resulting in specific heart and blood flow abnormalities, not related to spinal cord development. Hydrocephalus refers to an accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid within the ventricles of the brain, which may occur alongside spina bifida, but it is not the condition described in the scenario.

Thus, spina bifida is the